Whatever the foundation of the building, first of all, he plays the role of support that holds the design of the erected object. In addition, the base allows you to protect the structure from various seismic threats. It also plays the role of waterproofing and thermal insulation for the base. High-quality foundation must successfully cope with all these functions. It depends not only on its design, but also on how well it was selected for a particular case. The conclusion about whether this type of foundation is suitable only after the longitudinal and transverse section of the base design will be studied. Therefore, in this article, we will tell you more about it in more detail, and also learn how to make a fondament incision.

Basic varieties

Found four types of foundation:

1. Slab.
2. Pile.
3. Ribbon.
4. Columnar.

Specifications:

1. The slab foundation is performed in the form of a monolithic plate, which is fixed on the ground.
2. The pile base is decorated in the form of a beam design that locks into the rods screwed into the ground.
3. Under the belt foundations understand the grounds that are made in the form of a relatively straight wall, beaten in the ground. It is also called ribbon. She repeats the contours of the facade.
4. A columnar foundation usually consists of a durable design of beams.

Each of the specified species of the basis is significantly different from each other. Therefore, before choosing the most suitable of them for a particular case, it is necessary to carefully examine the features of their structure. And to solving this issue, it is necessary to approach very carefully. Next, consider the foundations in the context. Tape type will pay a little more attention.

Ribbon Fundament section

Ribbon monolithic foundations in the context

For the assembly of this type of basis, three different types of building materials can be used - these are bricks, blocks and concrete. In each case, the structure of this base will be approximately the same. When studying the device and the design of the tape basis, you can see the following:

1. The base lies on a bulk cushion from gravel and sand, whose layer thickness reaches 150-200 millimeters. Due to the presence of such a pillow, the bearing capacity of the supporting soil increases.
2. At the same time on the submetage is a layer of waterproofing and a plate of the bottom of the foundation. Waterproofing must necessarily be when the foundations are foundated with low bearing capacity.
3. If the basis is laid in dense soils, then the sole can be installed using the laying of special fundamental blocks. Instead, it is allowed to pour concrete in a pre-open trench, located on the bottom of the pit. Typically, the width of the sole is 600-1100 millimeters.
4. On the sole is based on the wall of the foundation. In some cases, the basis for it is a bulk pillow. The wall may consist of bricks, blocks or is erected by filling concrete into reinforced formwork. With the inner and outer side it is placed in a layer of insulation and vertical waterproofing. Most often, the width of the wall of the base is 400-600 millimeters. This is excluding insulation and waterproofing. The height of the basis can be calculated by summing the dimensions of the depth of the soil, the height of the base and the size of the base plate.
5. The role of woodwork in this case plays the upper facet of the foundation. On top of the walls are allowed to pour an additional reinforcing belt, thanks to which masonry defects are collected.

When studying the end section of the belt base, it is possible to distinguish the structure of the triangle plate (scene), which adjoins the base of approximately the zero level of the soil. This stove protects the soil adjacent to the basis from the effects of moisture and low temperatures, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the degree of its deformation and radiation.

Installation of foundation base

For the construction of such a base, the following materials will be required:

1. Cement.
2. Sand of a large fraction.
3. Crushed stone (small).
4. Armature.
5. Knitting wire.
6. Metal formwork (can be used wooden).

For the construction of various types of bases, various amounts of building materials will be required. To do this, you must already know the preliminary dimensions of the future design. When building a residential building with several rooms, an entrance hall, a utility room must be taken into account the following values:

• perimeter size construction,
• the required number of partitions,
• the total length of the knocked trench.

Calculation:

1. For the fill, it is recommended to use a ribbon with a width of 600 millimeters and a height of 900 millimeters. Then in order to obtain the required amount of concrete, you need to multiply three numbers: the total length of the trench, the width of the ribbon (in meters), the height of the tape (in meters).
2. You can also calculate the amount of sand required for the pillow. Since the trench cannot be smooth, then in the calculations it is better to use the average pillow thickness. In order to obtain the necessary sand volume, you need to multiply three numbers: the total length of the trench, the ribbon width (in meters) and the average pillow thickness (in meters).
3. For the construction of the frame, you need to take the armature with a cross section of 13 millimeters, and for jumpers 8-9 millimeters.

Installation of a belt foundation is performed as follows:

1. First you need to dig a trench, considering that the pillow will fall down on the bottom.
2. After that, the cushion falls asleep into the dumped trench.
3. Now it should be started to install the formwork, which is fixed by the rails. For trimmed, clamps are used clamps.
4. Before laying the frame in the trench on the pillow-posted pillow, you need to pour a layer of concrete with a thickness of 70-100 millimeters. The pillow should be installed so that it turns out all over the volume of ribbon equidistant. It is also important that the reinforcement does not perform anywhere.
5. After that, you should fix the resulting design and start the fill. To use the foundation, you will have to wait 21 days until it finally hardens.

The cut slab foundation

Incision foundation: drawing

1. Tiled foundation in section similar to the tape. But in this case the width of the tape coincides with the size of the structure of the facade. The rest, including the device in longitudinal section, will be the same as that of the rod.
2. So, looking at the foundation of the cut at the bottom you can see podsypku which is closed protected from moisture. As generally used the rolled waterproofing roll roofing material.
3. Up bedding is a monolithic slab, which is poured into the removable formwork. It also has two horizontal lattices as reinforcement. Between them are set smooth pins.
4. Poured around the bottom zone of the blind area whose width is from 0.7 to 1.2 meters.
5. For thermal insulation of the foundation on the ends of the plates are mounted heat-resistant panel. The total plate thickness is about 500 millimeters.

From this it can be concluded that such a ground relates to a floating type bases unburied. Role plays grillage upper surface of the plate.

Pile Foundation: cut

1. This type of base is composed of pile field, which is a series of recessed supports. The minimum depth of penetration 2.3-2.5 meters, maximum - 24 meters. On top of poles set a beam or slab raft foundation.
2. The diameter of each support is less than 0.9 meters. The length and width of the beam varies from 400 to 600 millimeters. The thickness of the grillage is from 200 to 300 millimeters.
3. The cut pile foundation depends on the kind of the support member. Thus, the distinction reinforced concrete piles, screw or wood. The first of these are stable rod having a circular cross section. Their structure may be either hollow cylindrical monolithic fifth. Spiral pile - this is a common tube which by welding at the bottom of the blade are welded and at the top - the fixing support. Wooden piles are canonical barrel tip.
4. In some cases, support is dug into the raft foundation by about 30-50 millimeters. At the same time it is performed in conjunction with the reinforcement of reinforced grillage.
5. The structure of the cap 2 includes a pile foundation layer: finish and the heat insulator. It lies in the blind area, which surrounds the base paths.

Pier foundation: cut

This type of base has a similar design with a pile base. It consists of short piles having a round or square shape. It is stacked by an amplitude made in the form of concrete beams. If you look at a section of such a base, you can see the following:

1. On the sanding of the sand lies the pillow, in the form of a plate with a thickness of up to 350 millimeters.
2. From above, it is installed a pillar that can be monolithic or block.
3. On top of the poles, concrete beams of 400-800 millimeters width are stacked.
4. There is an airstand around the outline of the foundation. If the basis is used with high columns and short beams, the brick base is stacked in it.