Alternative to monolithic bases for buildings is a column foundation. The advantage of it in the economy and the rates of construction. It is used to build light frame houses without basement, arbors, business buildings, baths. Easy design allows you to perform this work without possessing special skills. But before proceeding with the case, you need to get acquainted with the basic information.

The column foundation of the house can be built of brick, reinforced concrete, stone, metal pipes and wooden pillars. The choice of material depends on the flood of the future structure and the characteristics of its design.

Construction of a brick foundation of a column type

The advantage of brick column foundations is the following:

• the ability to maintain construction on an uneven surface (with a drop to 2 m);
• a small surface that is necessary to handle waterproofing material;
• no need to use lifting equipment;
• lack of need in assistants;
• simplicity of construction;
• high strength and durability (subject to construction technology).

It is used to build such a foundation ceramic full-length brick (experts recommend a failed - it is more resistant to moisture) M-150 and higher brand. Silicate and extruded red brick is impossible.
Distinguish two types of columnar foundations:

1. Small blowout (400-700 mm) - It is used in the construction of sandy soils or in rocks, if the groundwater level is low.
2. Blowed (1300-2000 mm, that is, below the level of the freezing) - for clay, bunchy soils, swampy terrain. It should be remembered that for the construction of highly moving soils, a column foundation is not recommended.

Calculate Foundation House

At the same time, such factors as the weight of the house, the load on the ground (depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe base sole), the construction of the building and the composition of the soil, the depth of the primer of the soil and the groundwater level. To determine the soil class, you need to dug out several holes of the two-meter depth on the construction site and make an analysis of the composition of the soil, set the level of groundwater. This is necessary for bunchy soils (sand, or or driving and peat). On stony soil can be built without carrying out such an analysis.
The sole area is determined by using the formula:
S \u003d yn f / yc ro, where:

• S (cm2) - the desired value - the area of \u200b\u200bthe foundation sole;
• RO is the conditional calculation resistance of the ground ground at a depth of 1.5-2 m;
• F (kg) - load on the base;
• YC - working conditions coefficient;
• Yn is a reliability factor (1.2 is accepted).

When calculating, the distance between the supports is 1.5-2 m, the cross section of each rectangular support is 380 × 380, 380 × 520 mm (for a round support, respectively).

Stages of construction of a brick column foundation

1. Preparatory work begins with the compilation of the plan under construction. After the size and location of the house are known, proceed to clearing the site. The top layer of the soil should be removed, trees and bushes - removed along with roots. The surface of the soil must be aligned and seal.
2. Place the layout of the installation locations. For this use wooden pegs or metal bars. Supports must be under each inner and outer angle of structures, as well as on the construction of the inner partitions.
3. In marked places, the pits of the necessary depths for the construction of the supports. The sizes of the holes should ensure the convenience of making brickwork. Earthworks are carried out manually or using earthmoving equipment.
4. At the bottom of each pit, sand with a layer of 10 cm and tamper it. Through the sand is placed on a dense polyethylene or rubberoid and arrange a concrete tie (about 200 mm thick), reinforced with a metal grid. Concrete should be covered with polyethylene film to avoid cracking the screed from uneven drying. You can also periodically make the surface of the concrete.
5. After 8 days, you can proceed to the brickwork. After laying each row, the horizontal level and vertical is checked. The thickness of the cement seam must be minimal - about 8 mm. For the preparation of the solution, cement grades MOB 400 and M 500 are used.
6. The underground part of the supports should be treated with a bitumen mastic for waterproofing. After 7-8 days, it is necessary to perform the backstage of the supports of gravel, rubble, sand and slag: it is necessary to neutralize the destructive action of seasonal grounds of the soil.
7. After the construction of the supports, it is necessary to build a zero level. This should be performed in one season, otherwise, the spring of the soil can lead to a deviation of the supports from the previous level.
8. The gaps between the supports are filled with brick masonry, stone or closed with sheet material. This is necessary to improve the appearance of the structure.

Materials and tools required for work

To build a brick foundation, you must have at your disposal the following materials:

• brick ceramic brand M-150 and above;
• sand;
• concrete brand 200;
• grid reinforcing wire with a diameter of 3 mm and more;
• cement M-400;
• kleenka (rubberoid);
• bituminous mastic.

Requires tools:

• bayonet and soviet shovels;
• traaming;
• concrete mixer;
• the capacity of the cement mortar;
• roulette;
• master OK;
• building level.

Stamp foundation from blocks

This type of base is constructed according to the same rules as the foundation from the brick. Blocks with sides of 200 × 200 × 400 mm are used, which are made from cement-sand mixture with the addition of gravel or fine rubble. Sequence of work:

• preparation of the site, markup places of installation of supports;
• preparation of pits;
• running sand and tamping;
• concreting and waterproofing of the substrate;
• laying by concrete blocks with ligation (in voids insert the reinforcement with a diameter of 10-12 mm and poured with concrete);
• waterproofing Bitumen supports.

Bolt-belt foundation

In order for the underground part of the base foundation to have horizontal resistance, the monolithic part is created on top of the support, called the painter. Thus, the foundation of deep downstream can be replaced by a column-tape construction. When it is constructed, the following rules are followed.

1. On top of the ends of the pipes or blocks, formwork is built from plywood or OSP plates. The vertical part of the foundation is associated with the horizontally located stuffing armature.
2. The armature should not touch the formwork: to protect the metal from corrosion, leave a gap of several centimeters, which will be filled with concrete.
3. With a low framework, you can neglect the "bandage": the horizontal part of the foundation will actually lie on the surface of the soil.

Monolithic concrete foundation

Such a base is constructed as follows.

1. After preparatory work, the pits of the necessary depth and width.
2. A formwork is constructed from plywood, OSP sheets, OSB plates or other sheet material. In some cases, a metal collapsible formwork is used.
3. In the middle of the formwork along the walls, the rubberoid (for waterproofing) is placed, the reinforcement bar is installed.
4. Pulley is performed by concrete. During the fill, it is necessary to seal concrete using fittings by destroying air traffic jams.
5. The upper part of the fill should be protected from drying out with a plastic film or runner.
6. After 7-8 days, the formwork should be dismantled. Concrete is gaining strength of 28 days, after which it is possible to continue the construction of the building.

Columnated wooden foundation

In some cases, the use of a wooden foundation is justified. This is suitable for the construction of light structures, for example, bath, summer houses, arbors, storage facilities with low groundwater levels. Used for this logs of solid trees (they are more resistant to moisture). The sequence of creating a columnar wooden foundation is as follows:

1. Preparatory work (sector clearance and other).
2. Marking and digging holes. It is convenient to do with the drilling rig. It is necessary that the width of the well is a greater pile diameter by roughly twice.
3. Piles are harvested: they must be pointed at the bottom and processed by an antiseptic. It is allowed to burn their surface to the state of char harness. All piles should be the same diameter and are devoid of wood vices (there should be no large bitch, splitters, "sinushes", signs of rotting and damage insect pests).
4. The bottom of the holes pour sand with a layer of 100 mm and compact it. After that, the same layer of rubble is embanked.
5. Piles are immersed in the ground, are exhibited by level and are inserted with moderate blows of a sledgehammer with a wide design (in order to prevent wood split).
6. An inverse swelling of the grinding of the middle fraction is performed, which should be sealing.
7. The upper part of the support is cropped in terms of level.
8. Mounted a bruse or logs.

Pobble foundation from pipes

This technology is largely similar to the pile foundation device, but the main difference is in a lesser depth of pipe immersion (maximum - 2.5 m). The advantage of such a method is in the possibility of easy execution of land: the desired depth of the wells is obtained using manual or mechanical drills. Pipes can be metallic or asbestos-cement.
Sequence of work (after the preparatory stage):

• drilling holes in marked places;
• installation of pipes in the wells;
• laying of rod reinforcement with a diameter (14-20 mm) and pouring pipes concrete;
• concrete mass seal (layer, in the process of fill) with an electrovibrator or manually (using the reinforcement rod).

After filling in the first layer of concrete, the pipe must be lifted (using a winch or truck crane) and again omit in its place. As a result, a pear of a growing concrete mass is formed, which will create a pillow for the whole support and increase its stability.

Screw piles

Private case of a column foundation from pipes - screw piles. Their design consists of such elements:

1. The screw part screwed into the ground.
2. Pile body, which is a steel pillar.
3. The headband is the outer part to which the formwork will rely on. Initially, the head board is missing, it is welded after the silent will take its place in the ground and will be cropped in terms of level.

Phased, the process of mounting the screw pile foundation is as follows.

1. Calculation of the load (depending on the design of the house), the selection of the diameter of the piles and the step between the supports.
2. Preparation of a plot, markup of the installation sites of piles.
3. Processing the outer surface of piles by anti-corrosion composition.
4. Preparation of small holes (to facilitate the input of the screw in the soil) and the screwing of the piles. The depth of screwing is about 1.5 m (that is, below the level of the freezing).
5. After all piles will take their place, they are cut by level. Usually, pruning height above the ground level is about 0.5 m. Level control is performed using a water level.
6. The cavity of the piles is filled with concrete.
7. The welding of the headings, the processing of the weld.
8. On the headlocks, the installation of metal chawls or wooden beams is installed. This creates a solid monolithic design.

Manufacturers offer ready-made piles with a diameter in the range of 80-130 mm. The main part responsible for the quality of piles is a screw part. The design of the screw should provide a slight pile screwing into the ground.

Advantage of screw foundations:

• no need to carry out large-scale land work;
• no need to arrange sandy bellows, concreting and reinforcement;
• stability in the soil of any type;
• the possibility of applying in heterogeneous soils;
• there is no need to conduct soil studies;
• for installation, you do not need to use a special technique: work under the power of two men;
• high bearing capacity: one pile withstands from 7 to 20 tons.

How to avoid mistakes when booking a screw batch foundation

1. You can not unscrew the piles to align them in terms of level. As a result of such actions, the soil is ruined under the screw part, which leads to "sending" piles.
2. The deviation of the pile from the vertical position is not allowed: if necessary, bypass the obstacle, you will have to change the configuration or size of the base.
3. When screwing down the pile into a loose ground, the dive must be continued until the horizontal stability is gained. In case of exceeding the length, it is necessary to screw the cut pipe and continue the screwing.
4. Pumping out or drilling holes to screw in them.
5. Each support should be completely filled with concrete: it makes the design of durable and prevents internal corrosion.

In conclusion, how the columnated foundation is constructed (video clearly demonstrates the advantages of the screw base foundation).